Reconciliation in Education

The information and resources in this guide help teachers and educators embed important ideas around reconciliation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories, cultures and contributions in geography.

This guide is not prescriptive or exhaustive. You should consult your local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community and always critically evaluate resources when using this guide.

Introduction to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Geography

'For Aboriginal people there is literally no life without the land. The land is where our ancestors came from in the Dreamtime, and it is where we shall return. The land binds our fathers, ourselves and our children together. If we lose our land, we have literally lost our lives and spirits, and no amount of social welfare or compensation can ever make it up to us.'

Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Aboriginal leader, land rights activist and 1978 Australian of the Year

Background and Timeline of key dates in the contemporary history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography

Background of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography

As suggested in Galarrwuy Yunupingu’s quote, all aspects of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander life are geographically underpinned, meaning they are intricately and importantly tied to the land, or Country . For tens of thousands of years, Country has physically nourished Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples through providing natural supplies and sustenance such as native bush tucker/medicine, but it has also served as a fundamental source of cultural and spiritual nourishment. From an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective, totems, languages, stories, scientific knowledges, and civic or social customs all come from – or are connected to – Country. Country is often viewed as sentient.

People have a reciprocal interrelationship with Country – a responsibility to look after it so that Country will, in turn, continue to look after people and their community. As Environmental Humanities Professor Deborah Bird Rose says, ‘Country in Aboriginal English is not only a common noun but also a proper noun. People talk about Country in the same way that they would talk about a person: they speak to Country, sing to Country, visit Country, worry about Country, feel sorry for Country, and long for Country. People say that Country knows, hears, smells, takes notice, takes care, is sorry or happy. Country is not a generalised or undifferentiated type of place, such as one might indicate with terms like ‘spending a day in the country’ or ‘going up the country’. Rather, Country is a living entity with a yesterday, today and tomorrow, with a consciousness, and a will toward life.’

The importance of connecting to and caring for Country can therefore be understood. It also explains the negative impacts of forced dispossession of, or disconnection from, Country, following the colonial declaration of the legal fiction of terra nullius . Land rights and native title movements have since worked to dispel the notion that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples did not have a relationship with Country prior to colonisation. They also worked to reassert the importance of First Nations peoples’ deep connections to, and knowledge about, Country. Much of this significant knowledge is now recognised in positive and productive geo-scientific collaborations, as explored in some of the subsequent sections of this guide.
Timeline of key dates in the contemporary history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography
This timeline chronologically lists some of the key dates in the more recent history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography, including events that bring geography and reconciliation together. .

60,000+ years ago:
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities across Australia have maintained conventions, conceptualisations and connections regarding Country/place and geography for tens of thousands of years.
1963:
- Yolgnu leaders present the Yirrkala bark petitions to the Australian Parliament, protesting against the seizure of more than 300 square kilometres of Aboriginal land in Arnhem Land for mining.
1966:
- Gurindji Elder Vincent Lingiari leads the walk-off from Wave Hill cattle station (the ‘Wave Hill walk-off’), protesting against low wages and poor working conditions on traditional lands.
1971:
- The Gove land rights case, while denying recognition of native title, sets the intellectual framework for recognising land rights.
1973:
- Following the seven-year strike at Wave Hill, Prime Minister Gough Whitlam appoints Mr Justice Woodward to lead the Woodward Royal Commission into Aboriginal Land Rights to determine how best to recognise Aboriginal land rights in the Northern Territory.
1976:
- The Australian Parliament passes the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth), leading to the establishment of land rights legislation in most Australian states in the 1970s and 1980s.
1972:
- The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is pitched outside Parliament House in Canberra, campaigning for the recognition of Aboriginal land rights.
1975:
- On 16 August, over 3,200 square kilometres of land at Wave Hill is transferred by leasehold title back to the Gurindji people by Prime Minister Whitlam. The iconic photo of Prime Minister Whitlam handing soil to Vincent Lingiari captures this historic moment.
1977:
- A specialist lobby group on Aboriginal land rights was established in NSW. The non-statutory group, known as the Aboriginal Land Council, was formed when Aboriginal community members met for three days in Redfern to discuss land rights. This was an important moment for land rights legislation in NSW.
1983:
- The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 is passed in NSW. This Act recognises land rights of Aboriginal people and the spiritual, cultural and economic importance of the land to the Aboriginal people.
1985:
- The Australian government hands Uluru and Kata Tjuta back to its Anangu Traditional Owners. It becomes one of the first parks in the world to be managed by a board with a majority of Traditional Owners.
1981:
- The Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 is passed in South Australia, followed by the Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act in 1984. These Acts allow land to be vested to Aboriginal communities.
1988:
- The Barunga Statement, calling for self-management and land rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, is presented to Prime Minister Bob Hawke, who indicates his support for a treaty.
1992:
- The High Court recognises native title in the landmark Mabo vs Queensland (no. 2) case, busting the myth of terra nullius.
1993:
- The Australian Parliament passes the Native Title Act.
1995:
- The Australian Government officially recognises the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags.
2015:
- The NAIDOC theme for 2015, We all stand on sacred ground: learn, respect & celebrate, is specifically set as an opportunity to pay respect to Country; to honour those who work tirelessly to preserve lands, seas and cultures; and to share the stories of the many sites of significance or sacred places across Australia.
2019:
- The Timber Creek compensation case, known officially as the Griffiths case, is the first assessment by the High Court of compensation for extinguishment of native title rights and interests under the Native title act 1993 (Cth). The case was hailed by many as the most important Native Title decision since the historic Mabo ruling in 1992.
- The Uluru climb is closed permanently, after 34 years of Anangu Traditional Custodians requesting that visitors do not climb the rock. Climbers who scale Uluru will now be in breach of the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act (EPBC).
2020:
- The NAIDOC theme for 2020, Always was, always will be, recognises the thousands of years that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have continued to be connected to, and have continued to care for, Country.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Geographical Resources

Place names (toponyms)
The list below includes a number of example resources around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander place names.
- ABC TV Education – This Place
- Australian Museum – Place names chart (online chart)
- Geographical Names Board of New South Wales – Commemorative naming (online fact sheet)
- Geographical Names Board of New South Wales – Dual naming – supporting cultural recognition (online fact sheet)
- Harold Koch and Luise Hercus – Aboriginal placenames: naming and re-naming the Australian landscape (ebook)
- Luise Hercus and Jane Simpson – Indigenous placenames: an introduction (online book chapter)
- Reconciliation Australia – A deep human history: remapping Darug place names and culture (online news article)
- Rob Amery and Georgina Yambo Williams – Re-claiming through renaming: the reinstatement of Kaurna toponyms in Adelaide and the Adelaide Plains (online book chapter)
- State Library of New South Wales – Weemala (digital database)
- State Library of Queensland – South East Queensland placenames (online information guide)
- Tasmanian Aboriginal Corporation – Pulinga to Lutruwita (Tasmania) place names map
Policy documents around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander place names

A number of policy documents around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander place names, and dual naming, have also been published, including the following.
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW (2009) ‘Use of Aboriginal language in DECCW publications and signage’, DECCW Aboriginal languages policy: language is our culture – culture is our language, DECCW, p.11. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Policy-and-law/aboriginal-languages-policy-090600.pdf
- Government of Western Australia/Landgate (2015) ‘Recognition and use of Aboriginal names’, Policies and standards for geographical naming in Western Australia, p.8, https://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/?a=46421
- Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (n.d.) Policy guidelines for the recording and use of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander place names, https://www.icsm.gov.au/sites/default/files/aboriginal_names_0.pdf
- Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping/Permanent Committee on Place Names (2016) ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander place names’ and ‘Dual naming’, Principles for the consistent use of place names: includes principles for the use of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander place names and dual naming depiction principles, p.9, https://www.icsm.gov.au/sites/default/files/consistent_place_names_principles.pdf
- South Australian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet (2016) ‘Recording and using indigenous place names’, Geographical names guidelines, https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/planning-and-land-management/suburb-road-and-place-names/geographical-names-guidelines
- Tasmanian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet (n.d.) Aboriginal dual naming policy: a policy for the naming of Tasmanian geographic features, http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/189314/Aboriginal_and_Dual_Naming_Policy.pdf
Maps
Linguistic/geo-cultural maps

The ABC article ‘Do you know whose Country you’re on?’ articulates the levels of awareness of the Traditional Custodians, Language group or Country in different areas around Australia. Listed below are examples of cartographic representations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander linguistic/geo-cultural communities. These maps are just one representation of the many other map sources that are available. The maps may indicate only the general location of larger groupings of people, which may include distinct languages within a wider language family, and various dialects of a distinct language. Boundaries are not intended to be exact.
- Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies: AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia
- First Language Australia: Gambay – languages map (with accompanying teacher notes)
- Our languages – Language maps
- State Library of Queensland: Indigenous languages map of Queensland
You could also contact your local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land council or language and culture centre for more information and resources around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander linguistic/geo-cultural maps or mapping.

Songlines and star maps

‘Songlines’ is an English word for Dreaming tracks that trace the journeys of Ancestral spirits as they created the land, animals and laws. Songlines are recorded in songs, stories, dance and art. They carry significant spiritual, ecological, economic and cultural connection to the knowledge, customs, ceremony and Law of many language groups, including travel and trade routes, the location of waterholes and the presence of food. In many cases, Songlines on the earth are mirrored by sky Songlines that, together, allowed people to navigate the land and seas. Listed below are resources about Songlines as geographically significant mapping tools.
- ABC News – Singing the country to life (2014)
- ABC Radio National/Awaye! – Aboriginal astronomy and star maps (2015)
- ABC Science – Star maps point to Aboriginal Songlines (2014)
- Grant Revell & Jill Milroy – Aboriginal story systems: re-mapping the West, knowing Country, sharing space (2012)
- Kungkarangkalpa: Seven Sisters Songline (2013)
- National Film and Sound Archive – The Songlines (2008)
- National Museum of Australia – Protecting Aboriginal knowledge (2009)
- National Museum of Australia – Songlines: tracking the Seven Sisters (including a digital interactive that explores two different parts of the Seven Sisters Songlines: the significant rock art site of Walinynga (Cave Hill), and the dynamic collaborative artwork project that created the Tjanpi Seven Sisters Are Flying)
- Ray P Norris & Bill Yidumduma Harney – Songlines and navigation in Wardaman and other Aboriginal cultures (2014)
- Queensland Rural Medical Education Limited – What are song lines? (2013)
- Queensland Studies Authority – Torres Strait Islander zugubal (constellations) (2008)
- SBS – APY Elders share sacred Songline with the world (2014 article and video)
- SBS – Songlines – What they are and how they guide us across Australia (2017)
- SBS/NITV – Learn Indigenous Australian creation stories – ‘Songlines on screen’ multimedia features (2016)
- Sharing Stories Foundation – Communities
- The Conversation – How ancient Aboriginal star maps have shaped Australia’s highway network (2016)
- AIATSIS – Singing the Train
Topographic art

Often, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art has served as a kind of geo-spiritual mapping tool, using culturally significant symbolism to create a detailed visual study of a geographical area and the Dreaming stories and Songlines tied to that place. Below are links to resources around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander topographic art.
- National Film and Sound Archive – Dreamings, through Indigenous art (1988)
- National Film and Sound Archive – Painting Country (2000)
- Peter Sutton – Icons of Country: topographic representations in classical Aboriginal traditions
Data around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander spatial distribution/demographics across geographies
Often of interest to the field of geography is the distribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and the demographics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. National-wide data around spatial distribution and demographics in Australia has typically been collected in Census form, which is often represented statistically. It is important to remember that there can be challenges and limitations to Census data quality and the completion rates (particularly in more remote areas) that affect this quality. Also, quantitative statistics do not always adequately capture the qualitative complexities that influence such data. Nonetheless, listed below are links to recent data around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander spatial distribution/demographics across geographies.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016
- Australian Bureau of Statistics – Estimates and projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006 to 2031
- Australian Bureau of Statistics – Schools, 2020 Summary of Findings (including section focused specifically on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Students data, such as the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students, by states and territories)
- Australian Human Rights Commission – A statistical overview of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia
You could also search the Australian Bureau of Statistics website to view community profiles (tables of detailed Census data for a selected area, including a profile of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples for that area). Remember that the (geographical) definition of ‘community’ here may not necessarily align with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander meanings and mappings of ‘community’.
Seasonal calendars
The list below includes examples of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander seasonal calendars. The traditional ecological and meteorological knowledge captured in these calendars have become well esteemed within ‘Western’ geographical and earth sciences for what they can teach wider society about environmental management and sustainability, and about understanding and approaching contemporary geographical issues such as climate change.
- Banbai calendar (NSW)
- D’harawal calendar (NSW)
- Gariwerd calendar (VIC)
- Gooniyandi seasons calendar (WA)
- Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia) seasons calendar (NT)
- Jawoyn calendar (NT)
- Kunwinjku seasons calendar (NT)
- MalakMalak and Matngala plant knowledge calendar (NT)
- Maung calendar (NT)
- Miriwoong Seasonal Calendar (WA/NT)
- Ngadju seasons calendar (WA)
- Ngan’gi seasons calendar (NT)
- Ngurrungurrudjba (Yellow Water) seasons calendar (NT)
- Nyoongar calendar (WA)
- Tiwi calendar (NT)
- Walabunnba calendar (NT)
- Walmajarri seasons calendar (WA)
- Wardaman calendar (NT)
- Yanyuwa calendar (NT)
- Yawuru Seasons (WA)
A number of these individual seasonal calendars are hosted together on the Bureau of Meteorology’s Indigenous weather knowledge page, and on the CSIRO’s Indigenous seasons calendars page. You could also research published curriculum resources around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander seasonal calendars, such as ABC Education’s Indigenous seasons across northern Australia resources, or Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority’s Torres Strait Islander seasonal calendar.
Built environments
Research and media reports about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander built environments

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples don’t only have a strong relationship with the natural environment, but also with the built environment. Listed below is just a small sample of research and media reports as well as wider reference materials that may provide insights into traditional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander architecture, current-day housing survey data and collaborative/culturally inclusive town-planning projects.
- Angela Pitts/Architecture Australia – dreaming the block (2008)
- Australian Bureau of Statistics – National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social survey, 2014–15: housing
- Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health performance framework 2014 report (See ‘Housing’ pp.78–80)
- Carroll Go-Sam/Architecture Australia – Indigenous design paradigms (2008)
- Claire Suttles/Focus Media Group – Australia’s first builders: Aboriginal architecture past and present (2013)
- Elizabeth Grant and Peter Hobbs/Architecture Australia – West Kimberley regional prison (2013)
- Jim Malo/Domain – It’s time to rethink how we design our cities: Indigenous architect (2017)
- Louisa Wright/Architecture Australia – Indigenous garden opens in heart of Melbourne (2016)
- National Shelter – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander housing round table report (2012)
- SBS/NITV – Push for buildings celebrating Indigenous identity (2017)
- Timothy O’Rourke/Architecture Australia – Sharing plans for Aboriginal housing (2017)
Virtual tour opportunities

Culturally responsive virtual tour opportunities can be a meaningful way to engage with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander places and perspectives. Sydney Opera House’s Guwanyi Walama: Aboriginal perspectives of Bennelong Point experience is a virtual tour. Through the personal voices of Aboriginal narrators, students learn about Aboriginal perspectives on, and longstanding relationships with, the Sydney Harbour region. Australian schools can register for this virtual tour for free via DART Connections. Complement and contextualise virtual tours by inviting local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members into the classroom to share their personal stories and perspectives.
Geographers, land rights activists and ranger groups
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geographers, land rights activists and ranger groups

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who have played, or continue to play, a key role in the field of geography in Australia may not always be explicitly recognised as geographers. However, in many ways, all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people could be considered geographers, given their deep connections to, knowledge of, and caring contributions to Country. Acknowledging the shared contributions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to the subject/learning area of Geography is important. Should you wish to provide students with opportunities to explore and acknowledge individuals or local groups of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who have contributed to the subject/learning area of Geography, some avenues for relevant research and classroom learning include the following.
- Research and learn about the contributions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography academics, such as Professor Marcia Langton AM.
- Research and learn about the contributions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land rights activists, such as Vincent Lingiari, Eddie Koiki Mabo, and Galarrwuy Yunupingu AM.
- Research and learn about the contributions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ranger groups. The Australian Government’s map of Indigenous Protected Areas and Commonwealth-funded Indigenous ranger groups pinpoints a number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ranger groups active as at April 2022 and interactive map of Indigenous land and sea management projects. As well as using the internet to look up the specific webpages of the individual ranger groups on the map, you may be able to find out more about these and other ranger groups through your local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land council.
- Research and learn about the contributions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography-related reference groups or networks and their members, such as the Seed Indigenous youth climate network.
Geography events and celebrations
- Banksia Foundation Sustainability Awards (including specific Indigenous Leadership for Sustainability Award category)
- Country Needs People Campaign
- Ecological Society of Australia Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Symposium (2014), Indigenous Biocultural Knowledge Symposium (2019), and associated Indigenous Ecology and Land Management Events and Activities
- NAIDOC Awards (including specific Caring for Country Award)
- National Landcare Awards (including specific Indigenous Land Management Award category)
- NT Natural Resource Management Awards (including specific Indigenous NRM Champion Award category)
Land councils, native title representative bodies and wider native title service providers
Listed below are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land councils, native title representative bodies and wider native title service providers operating in different Australian states and territories.

As illustrated in the linguistic/geo-cultural maps linked to earlier, the boundaries between distinct Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander traditional lands are not adequately or accurately reflected in the way colonial state and territory borders have been drawn up. The geo-cultural boundaries of some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities – such as the Miriwoong community in Australia’s north-west – involve tracts of land that stretch across state and territory borders.

The list below only includes representative bodies or service providers with active websites, so does not capture the full range of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land/native title bodies or services available.

Australian Capital Territory
- Ngambri Local Aboriginal Lands Council
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
- Aboriginal Lands Trust
- South Australian Native Title Services
Tasmania
- Aboriginal Land Council of Tasmania
- Tasmanian Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
Victoria
- Barengi Gadjin Land Council
- First Nations Legal & Research Services (previously Native Title Services Victoria)
Western Australia
Some of the state and territory bodies and services listed above are also part of the National Native Title Council and/or illustrated on the national-scale National Native Title Tribunal map of representative Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander body areas.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geographical video resources

Curriculum-aligned videos

Some of the videos listed below have specifically been created to align with the Geography curriculum. Others are aligned to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures cross-curriculum priority more broadly. The videos capture information, issues and ideas around connecting to, and caring for, Country; the relationship between Country, culture and individual/community identity; and the importance of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land rights.
ABC Education and Behind the News videos
Visit the ABC Education HASS Resource page for more.
Cool Australia videos
- Blue water empire (based on the Bunya Productions Documentary series)
- Benefits for community – Cool burning
- Caring for country – Cool burning
- Historical burning – Cool burning
- How to conduct a cool burn – Cool burning
- Land degradation and the cattle industry – Cool burning
- Restoring country with Cool Burns – Cool burning
- Traditional knowledge – Cool burning
- Why I care for country – Cool burning
- Working with scientists – Cool burning
Reconciliation Australia short films
- This land is mine, Paul Kelly & Kev Carmody (see also the accompanying Paul Kelly & Kev Carmody – ‘This Land is Mine’ primary and secondary school curriculum resources on the Narragunnawali platform)
- Who we are: Country/Place (see also the Who we are: Country/Place primary and secondary school curriculum resources on the Narragunnawali platform)
SBS videos
- Connection to Country (with accompanying teacher notes)
- Every King Tide

Welcome to Country, Acknowledgement of Country and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags

Example protocol documents and educational resources about Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Country
For geographers working in the field, and for the wider Australian community, an Acknowledgement of Country is a way of showing respect for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Traditional Owners and Custodians of the land on which working, learning and living is taking place, or a meeting or event is being held. An Acknowledgement of Country is different from a Welcome to Country, which is a formal welcome onto land and can only be conducted by Traditional Owners to welcome visitors to their Country. The acts of being welcomed to and acknowledging Country are a continuation of protocols that have been practised for thousands of years. For non-Indigenous Australians, Acknowledgement of Country is a symbolic act of reconciliation as it recognises the continuing connection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to Country. Listed below are a number of protocol documents and educational resources around about the importance of Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Country processes.
- ABC Education – Why is a Welcome to Country important?
Australian Capital Territory:
- ACT Community Services – How to organise a 'Welcome to Country' in the ACT
New South Wales:
- Department of Education and Communities and NSW AECG – Guidelines and Protocols for NSW Public Schools and TAFE NSW Institutes
Northern Territory:
- Northern Territory Government – Protocols for Acknowledgement or Welcome to Country
Queensland:
- Queensland Studies Authority – Welcome to Country and Acknowledgment of Country
- Queensland Government – Welcome to Country
South Australia:
- Adelaide City Council – Kaurna Welcome Register
Tasmania:
- Department of Premier and Cabinet – Acknowledgement and Welcome to Country
Victoria:
- Department of Education and Training – Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Country A Guide for Victorian Schools
Western Australia:
- Department of Education – Welcome To Country and Acknowledgement of Country Protocols
See the Acknowledgement of Country and Welcome to Country RAP Actions on the Narragunnawali platform for more information and ideas.
Resources around the Aboriginal flag and the Torres Strait Islander flag
Flags are of interest to Geography, given their frequent ties to nation-building. Flags symbolically represent a people and that group of people’s relationship with their country or place. Listed below are a number of useful resources around the Aboriginal flag and the Torres Strait Islander flag.
- Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet – Australian flags
- Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies – Aboriginal flag
- Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies – Torres Strait Islander flag
- Carroll & Richardson Flagworld Pty Ltd (awarded the sole rights to manufacturing and marketing the Aboriginal flag as a flag by the flag’s designer, Harold Thomas, in 1997).
- Queensland Health – Guidelines for flying the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags
- Reconciliation Australia – Anita Heiss talks reconciliation (see final paragraph in particular) (2012)
- SBS – 10 things you might not know about the Aboriginal flag (2016)
- Torres Strait Regional Council (copyright owner of the Torres Strait Islander flag)
- Sydney Morning Herald/Patrick Dodson – Aboriginal flag a symbol of reconciliation (1995)
See the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags RAP Action on the Narragunnawali platform for more information and ideas.

Other online guides, reference materials and reflective questions

Other online guides and reference materials
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (n.d.) Statistical geography fact sheet: Indigenous structure. (last updated 2016)
- Australian Human Rights Commission (2008) Climate change, water and Indigenous knowledge.
- Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) rightsED: subject areas: Geography/History, Civics and Citzenship.
- Australian National University (2009) Guidelines for Indigenous ecological knowledge management (including archiving and repatriation).
- CSIRO (2013) Bibliography on Indigenous land management in Australia.
- CSIRO Our Knowledge, Our Way guidelines
- Ecology and Society (2013) Integrating Indigenous ecological knowledge and science in natural resource management: perspectives from Australia.
- National Museum of Australia (2017) On Country.
- Ninti One (2011) Aboriginal people, bush foods knowledge and products from central Australia: ethical guidelines for commercial bush food research, industry and enterprise.
- Parliament of Australia/Davis, M. (1998) Biological diversity and Indigenous knowledge.
- Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (2007) The history of Aboriginal land rights in Australia (1800s–1980s).
- Reconciliation Australia (2016) Let’s talk … land rights.
- SBS/NITV (2017) SBS/NITV (2017) Mayi Jilbamun (food journey).
- Scott, G. (2004) A bibliography of Indigenous ecological knowledge in Northern Australia.
- South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council (2013) Kaartdijin Noongar links to AC Geography F–Year 2.
- South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council (2013) Kaartdijin Noongar links to AC Geography Year 3–6.
- South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council (2013) Kaartdijin Noongar links to AC Geography, Year 7–10.
- Tasmanian Government (2018) The orb: living cultures.
- Watson, H (1987) Singing the land, singing the land.
Reflective questions for geography staff and students
- Do you know the name of the Country on which your school or early learning service is situated, and who its Traditional Owners are? Are you aware of any local sites of significance to these Traditional Owners?
- What is the significance of Acknowledgement of Country and Welcome to Country, and how are these protocols related to reconciliation?
- How have Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures influenced Australian geography, and what active role do these histories and cultures play today?
- Given that Country essentially underpins all aspects of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander life, what is the relationship between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography and other subject/learning areas? How might we think about interdisciplinary Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geo-sciences, geo-economics and geo-linguistics, for example? Why is this relationship important to appreciate?
- If possible, organise an excursion to a local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land council, native title service, ranger group or other geography-focused community organisation. What learnings and messages did you take away from the excursion? Are there any collaborations between this Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisation and non-Indigenous organisations, or can you think of any potential positive avenues for collaboration?
- Choose an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander geographer, land rights activist or ranger to research. What is the importance of their contributions to geography on either a local or (inter)national scale?
- How could your school or early learning centre contribute to the celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander geography and geographers?
- How can embedding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures into the study and practice of Geography help to foster reconciliation?

Humanities and Social Sciences — Geography